Here's the history of Ketamine and how we think it works!
"Ketamine has been in clinical use for over half a century, yet its precise mechanisms of action remain largely unknown."
Ketamine exerts its effect mainly by the noncompetitive antagonism of the N-methyl D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor. As well as having local anesthetic effects, it also interacts with opioid receptors, monoamine, cholinergic, purinergic, and adrenoreceptor systems.
NMDA receptor interaction with ketamine is thought to play a role in its opioid-induced effect of blocking high sensitivity to pain and sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine via NMDA receptor blockade potentiates opioid analgesia.
In addition, ketamine by suppressing the induction of nitric oxide synthase activity and protein expression by endotoxin provides an anti-inflammatory effect against infection. Whereas the hypnotic effects of ketamine are caused by a combination of immediate channel blockade of NMDA and hyperpolarization-activated cation channels.
In macrophages, ketamine reduces the expression of alpha tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 gene. By blocking the NMDA receptor, ketamine inhibits the extracellular signal-regulated kinase ½ pathway and reduces the growth of cancer cells.
Ketamine’s post-drug effects such as an increase in synaptic connectivity cause the prolonged antidepressant effects associated with the drug."
*the above is reproduced from this source.
5 Lessons
Curious about Ketamine: An overview
Ketamine is a synthetic drug discovered in the 1960s. Initially used as an anesthetic, Ketamine has become popular for a whole host of reasons.
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